References for Alzheimer's Article

[1] H. Akiyama, S. Barger, S. Barnum, B. Bradt, J.Bauer, G.M. Cole, N.R. Cooper, P. Eikelenboom, M. Emmerling, B.L. Fiebich, C.E. Finch, S. Frautschy, W.S. Griffin, H. Hampel, M. Hull, G. Landreth, L. Lue, R. Mrak, I.R. Mackenzie, P.L. McGeer, M.K. O'Banion, J. Pachter, G. Pasinetti, C. Plata-Salaman, J. Rogers, R.Rydel, Y. Shen, W. Streit, R. Strohmeyer, I. Tooyoma, F.L. Van Muiswinkel, R. Veerhuis, D. Walker, S. Webster, B. Wegrzyniak, G. Wenk, and T. Wyss-Coray, "Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease." Neurobiol Aging (2000) May-Jun;21(3):383-421,

[2] Alzheimer's Association, "Alzheimer's Disease Facts and Figures," Alzheimer's and Dementia (2009) Vol. 5, Issue 3.

[3] K.J. Anstey, D.M. Lipnicki and L.F. Low, "Cholesterol as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: a systematic review of prospective studies with meta-analysis." Am J Geriatr Psychiatry (2008) May, Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 343-54.

[4] G. Arendash, A. Cox, T. Mori, J. Cracchiolo, K. Hensley, J. Roberts 2nd, "Oxygen treatment triggers cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's transgenic mice," Neuroreport. (2009) Jun 18.

[5] B.J. Balin, C.S. Little, C.J. Hammond, D.M. Appelt, J.A. Whittum-Hudson, H.C. Gerard, A.P. Hudson, "Chlamydophila pneumoniae and the etiology of late-onset Alzheimer's disease." J. Alz. Dis. (2008) Vol. 13, pp. 371-380.

[6] G. Bartzokis, MD; P.H. Lu, Psy, D.H. Geschwind, MD, N.Edwards, MA, J. Mintz, PhD, and J.L. Cummings, MD, "Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Age-Related Myelin Breakdown in Healthy Individuals: Implications for Cognitive Decline and Dementia," Arch Gen Psychiatry (2006) Vol. 63, pp. 63-72.

[7] N. Bernoud, L. Fenart, C. Bénistant, J. F. Pageaux, M. P. Dehouck, P. Molière, M. Lagarde, R. Cecchelli,d, and J. Lecerf, "Astrocytes are mainly responsible for the polyunsaturated fatty acid enrichment in blood-brain barrier endothelial cells in vitro" Journal of Lipid Research (1998) Sept., Vol. 39, pp. 1816-1824.

[8] M. S. Brown and J. L. Goldstein, "A Receptor-Mediated Pathway for Cholesterol Homeostasis," Nobel Lecture, December 9, 1985.

[9] N. Cartier, C. Sevin, A. Benraiss, P. DeDeyn, D. Bonnin, M-T Vanier, M. Philippe, V. Gieselmann and P. Aubourg, "AAV5-Mediated Delivery of Human Aryl Sulfatase A (hARSA) Prevents Sufatide Storage and Neuropathological Phenotype in Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD) Mice," Molecular Therapy (2005) 11, S166-S167; doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.06.431

[10] J. Chavarro, W.C. Willett, and P.J. Skerrett, The Fertility Diet, (2008) McGraw Hill.

[11] L.C. Costantini, L.J. Barr, J.L. Vogel and S.T. Henderson, "Hypometabolism as a therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease" BMC Neurosci (2008) Vol. 9, Suppl. 2, S16. doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-9-S2-S16.

[12] V. Demarin, S.S. Podobnik, D. Storga-Tomic and G. Kay, "Treatment of Alzheimer's disease with stabilized oral nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide: A randomized, double-blind study" Drugs Exp Clin Res. (2004) Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 27-33.

[13] R.B. DeMattos, R.P. Brendza, J.E. Heuser, M.Kierson, J.R. Cirrito, J. Fryer, P.M. Sullivan, A.M. Fagan, X. Han and D.M. Holtzman, "Purification and characterization of astrocyte-secreted apolipoprotein E and J-containing lipoproteins from wild-type and human apoE transgenic mice," Neurochem Int. (2001) Nov-Dec;39(5-6):415-25. doi:10.1016/S0197-0186(01)00049-3.

[14] M. Dezfulian, M.A. ShokrgozarA, S. Sardari, K. Parivar and G. Javadi, "Can phages cause Alzheimer's disease?" Med Hypotheses (2008) Nov;71(5):651-6.

[15] B.A. Golomb, M.D., Ph.D., "Statin Adverse Effects: Implications for the Elderly," Geriatric Times (2004) May/June, Vol. V, Issue 3


[16] W.R. Grant, Ph.D., "Does Vitamin D Reduce the Risk of Dementia?" Journal of Alzheimer's Disease (2009) May, Vol. 17, No. 1., pp. 151-9.

[17] Dr. Duane Graveline, Lipitor: Thief of Memory, Statin Drugs and the Misguided War on Cholesterol, (2004) www.buybooksontheweb.com.

[18] X. Han, "Potential mechanisms contributing to sulfatide depletion at the earliest clinically recognizable stage of Alzheimer's disease: a tale of shotgun lipidomics," J. Neurochem (2007) November, Vol. 103, Suppl. 1. pp. 171-179. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04708.x.

[19] X. Han, H. Cheng, J.D. Fryer, A.M. Fagan and D.M. Holtzman, "Novel Role for Apolipoprotein E in the Central Nervous System: Modulation of Sulfatide Content" Journal of Biological Chemistry, March 7, 2003, Vol. 278, pp. 8043-8051, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M212340200.

[20] K. Heininger, "A unifying hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. IV. Causation and sequence of events," Rev Neurosci. (2000) Vol. 11, Spec No, pp.213-328.

[21] S.T. Henderson, "Ketone Bodies as a Therapeutic for Alzheimer's Disease," NeuroTherapeutics,, (2008) Jul;5(3):470-80, doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2008.05.004

[22] S. Holmberg, A. Thelin and E.-L. StiernstrNvm, "Food Choices and Coronary Heart Disease: A Population Based Cohort Study of Rural Swedish Men with 12 Years of Follow-up," Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health (2009) Vol. 6, pp. 2626-2638;

[23] K. Honjo, R. van Reekum, and N.P. Verhoeff, "Alzheimer's disease and infection: do infectious agents contribute to progression of Alzheimer's disease?" Alzheimers Dement. (2009) Jul;5(4):348-60.

[24] S.M. Innis and R.A. Dyer, "Brain astrocyte synthesis of docosahexaenoic acid from n-3 fatty acids is limited at the elongation of docosapentaenoic acid," (2002) Sept. Journal of Lipid Research, Vol. 43, pp. 1529-1536.

[25] L. Jeng, A.V. Yamshchikov, S.E. Judd, H.M. Blumberg, G.S. Martin, T.R. Ziegler and V. Tangpricha, "Alterations in Vitamin D Status and Anti-microbial Peptide Levels in Patients in the Intensive Care Unit with Sepsis," Journal of translational Medicine," (2009) Vol. 7, No. 28.

[26] J. Kountouras, M. Boziki, E. Gavalas, C. Zavos, G. Deretzi, N. Grigoriadis, M. Tsolaki, D. Chatzopoulos, P. Katsinelos, D. Tzilves, A. Zabouri, I. Michailidou, "Increased cerebrospinal fluid Helicobacter pylori antibody in Alzheimer's disease," Int J Neurosci. (2009) 119(6):765-77.

[27] J. Kountouras, M. Boziki, E. Gavalas, C. Zavos, N. Grigoriadis, G. Deretzi, D. Tzilves, P. Katsinelos, M. Tsolaki, D. Chatzopoulos, and I. Venizelos, "Eradication of Helicobacter pylori may be beneficial in the management of Alzheimer's disease," J Neurol. (2009) May;256(5):758-67. Epub 2009 Feb 25.

[28] H.G. Lee, X. Zhu, R.J. Castellani, A. Nunomura, G. Perry, and M.A. Smith, "Amyloid-beta in Alzheimer disease: the null versus the alternate hypotheses," J Pharmacol Exp Ther. (2007) June, Vol. 321 No. 3, pp. 823-9. doi:10.3390/ijerph6102626.

[29] J. Marcus, S. Honigbaum, S. Shroff, K. Honke, J. Rosenbluth and J.L. Dupree, "Sulfatide is essential for the maintenance of CNS myelin and axon structure," Glia (2006), Vol. 53, pp. 372-381.

[30] R.T. Matthews, L. Yang, S. Browne, M. Baik and M.F. Beal, "Coenzyme Q10 administration increases brain mitochondrial concentrations and exerts neuroprotective effects," Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (1998) Jul 21, Vol. 95, No. 15, pp.8892-7.

[31] D. Lutjohann and K. von Bergmann, "24S-hydroxycholesterol: a marker of brain cholesterol metabolism" Pharmacopsychiatry (2003) January 10, Vol. 36 Suppl 2, pp. S102-6, DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-43053.

[32] J. C. McCann and B.N. Ames, "Is there convincing biological or behavioral evidence linking vitamin D deficiency to brain dysfunction?", (2008) FASEB J. Vol. 22, pp. 982-1001. doi: 10.1096/fj.07-9326rev.

[33] Larry McCleary, M.D., The Brain Trust Program (2007) September, The Penguin Group, New York, New York.

[34] B. McGuinness et al., "Statins for the prevention of dementia," Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2009) No. 2.

[35] M.M. Mielke, P.P. Zandi, M. Sjogren, et al. "High total cholesterol levels in late life associated with a reduced risk of dementia," Neurology (2005) Vol. 64, pp. 1689-1695.

[36] S.A. Moore, "Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Synthesis and Release by Brain-Derived Cells in Vitro," Journal of Molecular Neuroscience (2001), Vol. 16, pp. 195ff.

[37] D. Mozaffarian, E.B. Rimm, D.M. Herrington, "Dietary fats, carbohydrate, and progression of coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women," Am J Clin Nutr (2004) Vol. 80, pp. 1175-84.

[38] M. Mulder, R. Ravid, D.F. Swaab, E.R. de Kloet, E.D. Haasdijk, J. Julk, J.J. van der Boom and L.M. Havekes, "Reduced levels of cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acids in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer disease patients are not related to apolipoprotein E4," Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. (1998) Sep, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 198-203.

[39] I.L. Notkola, R. Sulkava, J. Pekkanen, T. Erkinjuntti, C. Ehnholm, P. Kivinen, J. Tuomilehto, and A. Nissinen, "Serum total cholesterol, apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele, and Alzheimer's disease," Neuroepidemiology (1998) Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 14-20.

[40] F.W. Pfrieger, "Outsourcing in the brain: Do neurons depend on cholesterol delivery by astrocytes?", BioEssays (2003) Vol. 25 Issue 1, pp.72-78.

[41] A. Phivilay, C. Julien, C. Tremblay, L. Berthiaume, P. Julien, Y. Giguère and F. Calon, "High dietary consumption of trans fatty acids decreases brain docosahexaenoic acid but does not alter amyloid-beta and tau pathologies in the 3xTg-AD model of Alzheimer's disease." Neuroscience (2009) Mar 3, Vol. 159, No. 1, pp. 296-307. Epub 2008 Dec 14.

[42] M.A. Reger, S. T. Henderson, C. Hale, B. Cholerton, L.D. Baker, G.S. Watson, K. Hyde, D. Chapman and S. Craft, "Effects of Beta-hydroxybutyrate on cognition in memory-impaired adults," Neurobiology of Aging (2004) Vol. 25, No. 3, March, pp. 311-314,

[43] R. Ringseis, C. Dathe, A. Muschick, C. Brandsch and K. Eder, "Nutrient Physiology, Metabolism, and Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions Oxidized Fat Reduces Milk Triacylglycerol Concentrations by Inhibiting Gene Expression of Lipoprotein Lipase and Fatty Acid Transporters in the Mammary Gland of Rats," American Society for Nutrition J. Nutr. (2007) Sept., Vol. 137, pp. 2056-2061.

[44] K. Rockwood, "Epidemiological and clinical trials evidence about a preventive role for statins in Alzheimer's disease." Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. (2006) Vol. 185, pp. 71-7.

[45] G. Saher, B. Brugger, C. Lappe-Siefke, W. Mobius, R. Tozawa, M.C. Wehr, F. Wieland, S. Ishibashi, and K.A. Nave, "High cholesterol level is essential for myelin membrane growth." Nat Neurosci (2005) Apr, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 468-75. Epub 2005 Mar 27.

[46] A. Solomon, M. Kivipelto, B. Wolozin, J. Zhou, and R.A. Whitmer, "Midlife Serum Cholesterol and Increased Risk of Alzheimer's and Vascular Dementia Three Decades Later," Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders (2009) Vol. 28, pp. 75-80, DOI: 10:1159/000231980.

[47] M. Simons, MD, P. Keller, PhD, J. Dichgans, MD and J.B. Schulz, MD, "Cholesterol and Alzheimer's disease: Is there a link?" Neurology (2001) Vol. 57, pp. 1089-1093.

[48] L.L. Smith, "Another cholesterol hypothesis: cholesterol as antioxidant," Free Radic Biol Med. (1991) Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 47-61.

[49] J. Tong, P.P. Borbat, J.H. Freed and Y-K Shin, "A scissors mechanism for stimulation of SNARE-mediated lipid mixing by cholesterol," PNAS (2009) March 31 Vol. 106, No. 13, pp. 5141-5146.

[50] M-C Vohl, T. A.-M. Neville, R. Kumarathasan, S. Braschi, and D.L. Sparks, "A Novel Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyltransferase Antioxidant Activity Prevents the Formation of Oxidized Lipids during Lipoprotein Oxidation," Biochemistry (1999) Vol. 38 No. 19, pp. 5976-5981. DOI: 10.1021/bi982258w.

[51] M. Waldman, MD,, 9th International Conference on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases (2009) Abstract 90, Presented March 12-13.

[52] R. West, M.A., M. Schnaider Beeri, Ph.D., J. Schmeidler, Ph.D., C. M. Hannigan, B.S., G. Angelo, M.S., H.T. Grossman, M.D., C. Rosendorff, M.D., Ph.D., and J.M. Silverman, Ph.D., "Better memory functioning associated with higher total and LDL cholesterol levels in very elderly subjects without the APOE4 allele," Am J Geriatr Psychiatry (2008) September; Vol. 16, No. 9, pp. 781-785. doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181812790.

[53] A.W.E. Weverling-Rijnsburger, G.J. Blauw, A.M. Lagaay, D.L. Knook, A.E. Meinders, and R.G.J. Westendorp, "Total cholesterol and risk of mortality in the oldest old," The Lancet, (1997) Vol. 350, No. 9085, pp. 1119-1123,

[54] R.F. Wilson, J.F. Barletta and J.G. Tyburski, "Hypocholesterolemia in Sepsis and Critically Ill or Injured Patients" Critical Care (2003), Vol. 7, pp. 413-414.

[55] S.-C. Zhang and S. Fedoroff, "Neuron-microglia Interactions in Vitro," Acta Neuropathol (1996) Vol. 91, pp. 385-395.


APOE-4: The Clue to Why Low Fat Diet and Statins may Cause Alzheimer's by Stephanie Seneff is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License.